Chinese ghost with traditional clothing
Yupei (Chinese: 玉佩; pinyin: Yùpèi) is a generic term for jade pendants. Yupei were popular even before Confucius was born. 18 it is also associated with positive qualities and aspects such as purity, excellence, and harmony. 94Jade is even more valued than gold in Chinese culture. Ancient Chinese held even greater importance to yupei after it was regarded as a moral integrity by Confucius. 94 The history of the art of jade carving in China to make ornaments, including dress ornaments, extends back to before 5000 BC. 39 Strings of jade pendant are also used to decorate headwear, such as the mianguan. 31 The True jade (Chinese: 真玉; pinyin: Zhēnyù) in China is actually the nephrite, which have been used and prized for millennia in China. Yupei (Chinese: 玉佩; pinyin: Yùpèi) is composed of the Chinese character yu (Chinese: 玉) which literally means ‘jade’ and pei (Chinese: 佩) which means ‘pendant’. 31 It is only since the 18th century that jadeite (from Burma) was discovered by Chinese carvers and started to be used in China. 237 Jadeite became popular in jewellery making due to its bright green colour. Yupei could be stringed together to make an ensemble of jade pendants (which would hold at the belt and could also be composed of chains of bi (璧; jade discs or jade rings). 18-20 Jade in the form of huang were also popular in the making of yupei and had a rigid and specific rules attached to its use. 94) appeared as early as the Liangzhu Neolithic culture (c. Zhenjiang and Jiangsu provinces. Jinbu appeared thousands of years ago and were initially only worn by nobles, but with time, it was gradually adopted by all women regardless of their social ranks. The jinbu also used to be an indicator of elegance and etiquette in ancient times: if the behavior of its wearer is discourteous (i.e. walking too fast), the jinbu would sound loud and thus, the jinbu would remind the wearer to mind his manners and elegance; on the other hand, if its wearer behave appropriately, the jinbu would sound melodic and pleasant. When (the king or ruler) was walking quickly (to the court of audience), he did so to the music of the Cai Qi; when walking more quickly (back to the reception-hall), they played the Si Xia. When advancing, he inclined forward a little; he held himself up straight; and in all these movements, the pieces of jade emitted their tinklings. When turning round, he made a complete circle; when turning in another direction, he did so at a right angle. So also the man of rank, when in his carriage, heard the harmonious sounds of its bells; and, when walking, those of his pendant jade-stones; and in this way evil and depraved thoughts found no entrance into his mind. 18-19 and semi-disc shape (half-bi) jade pendants. 30 Huang and half-bi were sometimes used as component of an ensemble of jade pendant. 8 Strings of jade could also be combined with other forms of jade pendants. Chinese Jade pendant in the form of a bi, 2000-1500 B.C. 37-38 Jade pendants worn as necklace appeared as early as the Liangzhu culture. Fish-shaped yupei, Shang dynasty. Bird-shaped yupei, Shang dynasty. In the Western Zhou, people started to associate moral connotations to the use of jade, such as morality. White jade, Hotan jade in particular, was well-liked in the Western Zhou; however, strict regulations on the use of jades, based on their qualities and colours, were established. 56-63 who would then compare the qualities of a jade to the 5 virtues (kindness, wisdom, integrity, courage, and purity) of a gentleman (junzi) in the Book of Rites (Liji). 56-57 While rulers of the Western Zhou would use expensive jades (like white Hotan jade), people of lower status could only use common jades. 58 The jade pendant ensemble consisted of various parts which had to be connected together based on certain rules. 56-57 Ensemble of yupei (jinbu) were a distinctive form of ritual jade ware in the Western Zhou dynasty, and jades in huang shape were dominant types of yupei found in the ensemble. In the Zhou dynasty, black qipao dress ensemble of yupei would often hang down at the waist belt of its wearer. All wore the jade-stone pendant at the girdle, excepting during the mourning rites. The son of Heaven had his pendant composed of beads of white jade, hung on dark-coloured strings; a duke or marquis, his of jade-beads of hill-azure, on vermilion strings; a Great officer, his of beads of aqua-marine, on black strings; an heir-son, his of beads of Yu jade, on variegated strings; an ordinary officer, his of beads of jade-like quartz, on orange-coloured strings. 20 Ensemble of yupei which were made entirely of jade may have only used by rulers of kingdoms (possibly dukes, marquises, their wives and aristocrats of similar titles) as the ritual system which is stipulated in the Liji indicates that pure jade could not be used by the ministers of kings. Confucius wore at his pendant balls of ivory, five inches (round), on gray strings. 111 Wearing yupei ensemble also served to: (1) remind its wearer to walk in an orderly manner which would eventually make gentlemen develop an elegant and regular walking pattern over the years despite being constrained by the jade pendants, and (2) remind the gentlemen to behave according to the decorum which is based on the sound of the jade tinkles when they walk. Moreover, according to the Confucian jade-related belief system which also stems from the Liji: in ancient China, yupei ensemble (which symbolizes virtue) must always been worn by gentlemen except when they are mourning. Yupei ensemble, Western Zhou. Jade Huang from a yupei ensemble, Western Zhou. Jade pendants in the form of stags, Western Zhou. It is confirmed based on paintings and stone engravings that ensemble of jade pendants were suspended from the belt of women in the Tang dynasty. Ensemble of Yupei (玉佩), Tang dynasty. 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